What does demographic transition describe?

Demographic transition describes the model that outlines the shifts in population dynamics that societies undergo as they develop economically. This framework typically consists of four to five stages, each characterized by distinct patterns of birth rates, death rates, and overall population growth.

In the initial stages, both birth and death rates are high, leading to a stable population size. As a society progresses through the stages, improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and education typically result in a decline in death rates while birth rates remain high, causing substantial population growth. Eventually, as socio-economic conditions continue to improve, birth rates begin to decline, leading to a more stable population growth or even a decrease.

Understanding demographic transition is crucial for analyzing a country's developmental status and forecasting future population trends, which is why option B accurately captures the essence of the concept. The other options focus on specific aspects such as urbanization, immigration, or economic structures, which are related to population dynamics but do not encompass the comprehensive changes described by the demographic transition model.