What causes the urban heat island effect?

The urban heat island effect is primarily caused by human activities. In urban areas, extensive construction and development lead to the replacement of natural landscapes with concrete, asphalt, and buildings. These materials absorb and retain heat more effectively than natural vegetation and soil, which can lead to higher temperatures in city environments compared to surrounding rural areas. Additionally, factors such as increased energy consumption, vehicle emissions, and reduced vegetation due to urbanization further exacerbate the accumulation of heat in cities.

Green spaces and vegetation typically help to moderate temperatures by providing shade and through the processes of evapotranspiration, which cools the air. Conversely, the loss of these natural elements in urban settings contributes to the heat retention seen in urban heat islands. While climate change does influence overall temperature patterns, it is the direct result of urban development and land use that defines the urban heat island effect specifically.